Magneto-optics on the edge

Magneto-optics is a crucial characterization and detection technique for materials and devices. Hereby, the technique benefits from its high sensitivity and its compatibility with almost any environment due to its contact-free nature. Recently, numerous efforts (also at nanoGUNE, see e.g. PRL 111, 167401 (2013) & Nat. Commun. 6, 6150(2015)) have been made to pair magneto-optics with plasmonics to achieve even higher sensitivities in designer materials or applications. The present work now demonstrates that nanofabrication and nano-shape design allow for an increase and tunability of magneto-optical effects that is completely independent from optical or plasmonic resonances and thus not dependent on the photon energy of the exciting radiation, making it widely applicable. Specifically, this combined experimental and modeling study shows that in disk shaped samples, a magneto-optical response can be generated that is massively enhanced at the edges, leading to a “ring of fire” for the magneto-optical effect, as being shown in the figure below.

_{Figure 1: The figure shows a secondary electron microscopy image of one of the nano-scale engineered samples consisting of 400 nm diameter permalloy disks that were fabricated by means of electron beam lithography. The center disk has the lateral distribution of the magneto-optical response superimposed as a color-coded image. The strongly enhanced edge-excitation of the magneto-optical response is visible as a yellow rim structure here.}

In general, magneto-optical effects are caused by the quantum mechanical spin-orbit interaction and its influence on the electronic band structure. Correspondingly, magneto-optics is strongly associated with materials properties that result from the electronic structure. The influence of sample geometry onto magneto-optical effects on the other hand has so far only been associated with optical resonances, but resonance independent effects that originate from the specific self-interaction of the magneto-optically induced radiation pattern have not been observed. The reason for this is the fact that such behavior is extremely localized and thus only observable for small nano-scale structures. The work led by the nanoGUNE team has now succeeded in demonstrating that in such nano-scale structures, geometry induced effects can be extremely strong and they even can result in a doubling of the area averaged magneto-optical signal for a 100 nm diameter disk. Therefore, this new work opens up excellent nano-engineering opportunities towards enhanced and generally designed magneto-optical properties in nano-materials.

_{Figure 2: Normalized magneto-optical signal ∆I/I vs. disk diameter D for light of wavelength (a) λ = 532 nm and (b) λ = 633 nm. The experimental data for 15 nm and 25 nm thick disks are shown as black squares and red dots, respectively. The lines represent results derived from calculations using the exact same geometry as the experiment. All data are normalized to their respective values at D = 800 nm. The data show that for D = 100 nm disks, the total magneto-optical signal is increased by 100%, even though this sample-averaged enhancement is generated by an edge region that is less than 10 nm wide. This means that in the edge region, enhancements of 1000% are present, a fact that is confirmed by the simulations.}

Authors:

A. Berger, R. Alcaraz de la Osa, A. K. Suszka, M. Pancaldi, J. M. Saiz, F. Moreno, H. P. Oepen, and P. Vavassori (nanoGUNE authors are underlined)

Acknowledgments:

We acknowledge funding from the Basque Government (Program No. PI2012-47) and the Spanish Government (Project No. MAT2012-36844). Work at the University of Cantabria has been supported by MICINN under Project No. FIS2013-45854-P.