Orbital maps of Cr atoms in a superconductor

Mapping the orbital structure of impurity bound states in a superconductor
http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03752

A magnetic atomic impurity inside a superconductor locally distorts  superconductivity. They scatter Cooper pairs as a potential with  broken time-reversal symmetry, what leads to localized  bound states with subgap excitation energies, named hereon Shiba states. Most conventional approaches to study Shiba states  treat magnetic impurities as point scatterers with an isotropic exchange interaction, while the complex internal structure of magnetic impurities is usually neglected. Here, we show  that the number and the shape of Shiba states are correlated to the spin-polarized atomic orbitals of the impurity, hybridized with the superconducting host, as supported by Density Functional Theory simulations. Using  high-resolution scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we spatially map the five Shiba excitations found on sub-surface chromium atoms in Pb(111), resolving both their particle and hole components. While the maps of particle components  resemble  the   \textit{d} orbitals of embedded Cr atoms, the  hole components  differ strongly from them. The orbital fingerprints of Shiba states thus unveil the magnetic ground state of the impurity, and identify scattering channels and interactions, all valuable tools for  designing atomic-scale  superconducting devices.